The Contributions of Isaac Newton to The Scientific...

The Scientific Revolution was a period when new scientific ideas where introduced into society. The Scientific Revolution laid down a foundation in which modern science is heavily based on. An influential figure of the Scientific Revolution is Sir Isaac Newton. He made many advancements in the field of science and mathematics, he discovered Gravity, developed the three basic laws of motion, and co-development of Calculus. Isaac Newton did several thing that positively affected the scientific community during the Scientific Revolution and still affect society today, he recognized the three laws of motion, discovered gravity, and co-developed calculus. The scientific revolution was a time of inquisition, discovery, and†¦show more content†¦One of the most well known is, â€Å"To every action there is always an opposed and equal reaction†.2 These three basic theories are the most widely known theories that Newton proposed. The development of these theories founded w hat is now modern physics. These theories also gained Newton attention and credibility in the scientific community, which further helped spread his accomplishments. The discovery of these laws, laid down a basic foundation for the physics of motion. Newtons three laws of gravity changed the way in which the world was perceived, because of their accuracy in describing many unexplained phenomenons.3 They explained what happens as a result of different variables, but most importantly, they explained why and how these actions happen. Like many of Isaac Newtons ideas and theories, the three laws of motion had a profound impact on the scientific community. The three laws of motions provided an explanation for almost everything in macro physics. Macro Physics is the branch of physics that deals with physical objects large enough to be observed and treated directly.4 This allowed for many new advancements in physics because the foundation had been build for others to develop upon. I saac Newton published these findings in his revolutionary book â€Å"The Principa†. The Principa was revolutionary book because it organized the bulk of his life’s work, More importantly theShow MoreRelatedSir Isaac Newton And The Scientific Revolution967 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals made substantial contributions to that time, there is one man who stands above the rest for his impact on the knowledge of the Europe of the Scientific Revolution and the subsequent Enlightenment. Sir Isaac Newton had the greatest impact on this portion of European history through his discoveries built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo, the use of his work as a catalyst and foundation for other movements, and the unity of his work with his faith. Isaac Newton is quoted as having said,Read MoreBritish Politics During The Lifetime Of Newton1069 Words   |  5 Pagesa. What were British politics during the lifetime of Newton? Before Isaac Newton was born, King Charles I was driven out of London by mobs and had to seek refuge in Nottingham, which was just a few miles away from Woolsthorpe, Newton’s soon-to-be hometown (Guillen, 1995, p. 13). While King Charles I was there, he declared war over who/what was going to govern England—Parliament or the royal sovereign (Gullien, 1995, p.13). However, this war was more like a war between â€Å"heaven and earth† becauseRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution Of Western Civilizations954 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the seventeenth century, the scientific revolution in Europe was at its peak, changing people’s lives through the new techniques of the scientific method. Citizens of western civilizations had previously used religion as the lens through which they perceived their beliefs and customs in their communities. Before the scientific revolution, science and religion were intertwined, and people were taught to accept religious laws and doc trines without questioning; the Church was the ultimate authorityRead More Sir Isaac Newtons Role in the Enlightenment Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pages Isaac Newton had a huge impact on the Enlightenment, he influenced it scientifically in many ways and he influenced faith and reason in a tremendous way. He was known more for his scientific achievements then his religious works.His background and education affected when he made these great achievements. Isaac Newton born on December 25,1642 in Woolsthorpe, England grew up, he was the most important physicist and mathematician of all time.1 Newton attended Cambridge where he studied mathematicsRead MoreTime And Date Of Birth790 Words   |  4 Pagesborn on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England (Isaac Newton.). and (Isaac Newton, reluctant genius.). This was no ordinary being as he would change the world and our perception of the universe forever. Isaac was his name, and he was an English-born physicist and mathematician (Isa ac Newton.). Living Conditions He was the only son of a yeoman farmer, who’s name was also Isaac Newton, that sadly died three months before he was born (Isaac Newton.). â€Å"The small baby was very tiny and weak and wasRead MoreSir Isaac Newton: An Important Figure in Scientific History1131 Words   |  5 PagesSir Isaac Newton History has been characterized by important discoveries made by the worlds scientists. These men and women are responsible for everything that has led humanity from the cave-dwelling Neanderthals of ancient times to the position that they hold today. Scientists are responsible for the wheel, for fire, for tools, for every single thing that people have come to accept as a part of existence. Without scientific investigation, people could not progress and society as a whole wouldRead MoreWhat Is Science and Where Did It Come From?928 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is science and where did it come from? The study of science came before the scientific revolution got to begin. The scientific revolution began in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The revolution was accomplished by developing the medieval roots of science of the classical age of Greece and Rome. Throughout the scientific revolution, the medieval scientific philosophy was abandoned in favor and improved methods proposed by d ifferent men. Finally, we are introduced to scientists of mathematiciansRead MoreThe Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1873 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract: Isaac Newton was the most influential figure of the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution brought attention to many figures, Copernicus and Galileo, but Newton is the scientist with most influential changes that that have changed how we think. His research and discovery of gravitation formula led to the scientific method. While that was his most famous discovery, he also had many findings in the mathematical field. Newton changed the way we think and his discovery on gravityRead MoreThe Achievements Of Isaac Newton1368 Words   |  6 Pagesminds that have contributed to shaping the scientific life that we live in today. One of the most influential scientists would be that of Sir Isaac Newton. Newton was a prominent philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and scientist during the 17th century. The acco mplishments completed within his life helped in contributing and shaping the fact that he was one of the single-most influential scientists of his time. On January 4, 1643, Isaac Newton was born in the Woolsthorpe, LincolnshireRead MoreScientific Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1548 Words   |  7 PagesScientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution refers to a time in history when developments in the sciences took off and changed the view of society regarding the earth and nature. Some of the relevant topics of this time were mathematics, astronomy, biology, physics and chemistry. Typically, the scientific revolution is considered the time in Europe starting around the end of the Renaissance period and lasting through the late 18th century. Between 1543 and 1700, Europe underwent many changes

Analysis Of The Book Maus - 864 Words

Spiegelman is an American born cartoonist and editor born in 1948. He has been extremely successful throughout his career, working for numerous comic lines. There’s no doubt that Maus certainly was his greatest work. You could consider Spiegalman’s experience to be his best credential. Maus is a graphic novel that depicts basically a cat and mouse representation of the Holocaust. A graphic novel as defined by Webster’s dictionary is a â€Å"fictional story that is presented in comic strip format and published as a book.†(1) Maus tells the story of Spiegelmans father, and his experience as a Jew during the Holocaust. A subtopic within the novel includes Spiegelman interviewing his father, Vladek, and getting him to tell his story. All of the characters and countries are represented by animals that depict the characters role within the story. Guilt and race are two of the major themes present throughout the novel. There are several types of guilt that have e ffected the family through events that happened during the Holocaust. The relationship between Vladek and his son expresses this very clearly. Art has guilt over not being a good son and unable to connect with his father, while also feeling guilty over his mother’s death. (2)Vladek feels a certain guilt about surviving the Holocaust while so many of his family members died. This guilt seems to spill over to Art making him feel guilty for surviving and not knowing what his father went through. Another huge theme is race, whichShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1077 Words   |  5 PagesMaus Mid-term The Holocaust was and still is a tragedy that is talked about today among many scholars. There are many ways people have attempted writing about the Holocaust, but not all are the same such as Art Spiegelman with his two-volume book Maus: A Survivor’s Tale, which is about his own father’s tale of the Holocaust told through comic medium. Many scholars and writers think that this ironic and experimental approach to the Holocaust is undercutting what really happened. However, within thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1257 Words   |  6 PagesMaus is a tale about a young man who is in search for answers about his own life and his father’s life. Vladek Spiegelman is a survivor of the holocaust who reconnects with his son Art Spiegelman by telling him stories of his past. Art creates a well-written comic tale about the Holocaust and the relationship he has with his father. This survivor’s tale takes you back to the Second World War to tell us a story of a Jew who hardly survived life. The story opens with Art visiting his father to getRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1453 Words   |  6 PagesHolocaust in which millions of Jews were killed. Maus tells the story of father who was a Polish Jew at the time of the Holocaust. Maus is also portrayed visually with high angle shots, low angle shots, curved lines, shadows and rule of thirds. Art Spiegelman drew his graphics in specific way, which was to grab the reader’s attention more to the pictures rather than the words because a photo can explain a thousand words. There are two underlining stories in Maus. One story is telling how Vladeck survivedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 853 Words   |  4 PagesAnne Freeman once said â€Å"I know very little about darkness †¦.. except that we cannot stop its coming†. The frame on page 127 of Maus is a perfect depiction of this inevitable saying. In this frame the reader is able to see Vladek and Anna walking on a cross walk that is shaped out as a swastika, and we as the reader cannot see the end of this cross walk. The reason why Art Speiglemen portrayed this subliminal frame precisely the way he did, was to emphasize the inevitability behind not onlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 759 Words   |  4 PagesAmber Yvette Bazan Eng. 1301.S61 Ms. Etherington Dec. 3, 2014 Maus: Response Paper 1 In chapter one of Maus by Art Spiegelman, Artie sets out to visit his father, Vladek, in Rego Park after being away for nearly two years. Vladek has remarried to Mala after Artie s mother s suicide. Artie convinces his father to tell him his story so that he may write a book about his life in Poland and the war. Vladek begins his story by explaining how he met Artie s mother, Anja. In the beginning of chapterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1653 Words   |  7 Pageseither because of luck or some sort of economic advantage. We see this theme in Art Spiegelman s book Maus. Many of the situations Vladek, the main character, finds himself in, he would have never mahde through without luck and/or his socioeconomic status. Vladek witnesses people, family members, sent to the camps and die around him, yet he lives. Why is this? One of the first scenes in the book that luck comes into play is when Vladek is caught by the Nazis and sent to a Prisoner of War campRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus Essay1907 Words   |  8 Pagesjudge a book by its cover, but the cover of Maus aptly sets us up for a reading experience like no other. Maus is a graphic novel that aims to display the gruesome, deplorable, and dehumanizing events that occurred during the Holocaust. The Holocaust, in simple terms, was the brutal genocide of over six million Jews by the hands of the Germans. It can be argued that at its core, Maus is a novel about the father-son relationship between Art Spieglmen and his father, Vladek. What separates Maus from variousRead MoreGraphic Novels : Are They `` Real `` Literature?916 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature. In any aspect, new concepts and ideas that are introduced are always put into question of how capable they are. Many people believe that graphic novels are not a type of literature that can be used in a classroom because they are not â€Å"real books† (Crawford Weiner, n.d). I believe that graphic novels should be offered and encouraged in classrooms. According to Julia Rick, many educators are hesitant to use graphic novels in the classroom. She also states that the reason behind their actionsRead MoreMaus Elements956 Words   |  4 PagesArt Spiegelman’s Maus is a famous, Pulitzer Prize winning tale about the journey of a Jewish Holocaust survivor. Despite the amount of similar storylines, Spiegelman’s creativity with the normal elements of comics has won him high praise. This analysis will focus on Spiegelman’s unique twist on icons, layouts, diegesis, abstraction, and encapsulation as displayed by Maus. Icons are pictures that are used to embody a person, place, thing, or idea. McCloud hammers this concept home by drawingRead MoreBetrayal in Maus Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesalso plenty of mistrust for prior friends and neighbors. In the graphic novel, â€Å"Maus (Volume I and II) Vladek Spiegelman makes it very clear to his son, Artie, that one cannot count on their friends. He makes the point that in time of hardship, friends will abandon you quite quickly. Vladek says, â€Å"Friends? Your friends†¦if you lock them together in a room with no food for a week†¦then you could see what it is, friends! (Maus, VI. 5-6). Throughout the novel, we see examples of this gloomy point proven

Target Market Selection Segment Evaluation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: How Improvement Process can be Enhanced in the Organization? Answer: Introduction: Improvement process in the organization can be enhanced in the organization by considering different internal and external factors. One of the major internal factors that should be considered is the determination of the target market. This is due to the reason that organizations should effectively determine the target market especially in the case of entering in the foreign market. The more effective will be the determination of the target market, the easier will be for the organizations to design their product and service according to the market requirement (Aghdaie Alimardani, 2015). This will help them to improve their market offerings. Another factor that should be considered is the determination of the quality standard. This is also important due to the reason that having quality certified will help the business organizations to have more exposure in the global market. Market acceptance will get increased with having the certification from the leading quality standards. Some of the quality standards that should be considered are the ISO 9000, HACCP and ISO/IEC 17025:2005. This will ensure that the offerings of the business organizations are at par to the desired standard (Heras-Saizarbitoria Boiral, 2013). The last factor that should also be considered is effective determination of the internal environment of the organization. Internal management will include identification of the issues with the employees and having positive working environment in place. This will ensure that employees will be equipped enough to deal with the organizational challenges and increase the organizational productivity. Reference Aghdaie, M. H., Alimardani, M. (2015). Target market selection based on market segment evaluation: a multiple attribute decision making approach.International Journal of Operational Research,24(3), 262-278. Heras?Saizarbitoria, I., Boiral, O. (2013). ISO 9001 and ISO 14001: towards a research agenda on management system standards.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), 47-65.

Shamanic and Biomedical Practices†Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Shamanic and Biomedical Practices. Answer: Introduction Anthropology reveals the many complex and variant ways in which culture influences our lives and daily experiences. Peoples ways of living and experiences depend greatly on the differing cultural outline (Diener, Kahneman Helliwell, 2010). However, various elements are shared across the societal and geographical boundaries. These features include suffering as well as an illness which is universal human experiences. These experiences are endowed with an enormous variety of cultural interpretations and meanings. The practices of healing, as well as the methods to treat diseases and various illnesses, are the foundation of the trans-global medicine. The practices and techniques are entwined in the social, political, economic and also the philosophical understandings and also the practices of a particular culture. Due to colonization and spread of western civilization, the biomedicine of the West has become the dominant model that people use to comprehend the illnesses and seek the need ed medical attention (Lupton, 2012). The scientific approach to the western medicine make it objective and lacks cultural foundation. Therefore, this has led to the cultural clash between the biomedical and shamanic practices (Lock Nguyen, 2010). Each of the healing cultures always regards their cultural practices as rational and the others practices as irrational hence leading to ethnocentrism. This article will use various ethnographic books and articles to portray the clash between the shamanic and biomedical practices. The book of interest is The Spirit Catches You and You fall as well as other scholarly anthropology sources that show the clash between the shamanic and biomedical practices. The clash between the shamanic and biomedical practices has led to many unwanted adverse effects which include suffering as well as death (Joralemon, 2015). Therefore, there has been efforts to integrate the shamanic and the biomedical practices to come up with a better approach that is acceptable in various cultures. The integration of shamanic healing approaches into the western medicine has led to the development of a hybrid health modality that encompasses the two different healing methods. The shamanism was widespread throughout the world in various cultural forms and is the oldest healing modality which might have been founded during the Upper Paleolithic period in Siberia. The shamanic healing practices have always been rebuked by the Western concepts that emerge from the scientific revolution (Rock Krippner, 2011). The story The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down shows how the shamanic and the biomedical healing approaches clash. This is the story of Lia Lee who is a Hmong child with epilepsy. The tragic demise of Lia Lee shows the dangers associated with the lack of cross-cultural communication within the medical profession. Lia experiences her first seizure at the age of three months after her older sister Yer slams a door. The parents, Nao Kao and Foua believe that the noise made by the door has caused Lias soul to flee. They, therefore, diagnose her illness as the spirit catches you, and then you fall. The parents believe that the seizures make Lia unique since people with epilepsy are chosen to be shamans (Fadiman, 2000). They take Lia to the Merced Community Medical Center, but they also involve the traditional healing approach by engaging a shaman who they believe will call her soul back. The parents have faith in a little neeb and a little medicine, and they believe that too much of t he drug may limit the efficiency of the spiritual healing. On the other hand, the doctors are rationalists who see Lias condition as purely a neurological disorder. Neil and Peggy who are Lias primary physicians try to provide her with the best medical care. However, the condition is not correctly diagnosed at first due to the lack of interpreters. The parents are unable and unwilling to follow the instructions given by the doctors as they are unhappy with the numerous side effects of the medication. The parents also do not have the understanding of the connection between the seizures and their effects on the human brain nor do they know the necessity of giving anticonvulsants (Fadiman, 2012). The Lees lack of compliance has devastating effects as Lia suffers more severe seizures and begins to show the signs of mental retardation. Neil allows Lia to be taken into foster care and the separation is traumatic for Lia and her parents. After she returns home, Lia goes into status epilepticus which makes her stay at the hospital for two weeks. After two months she goes into a septic shock which leaves her brain dead. The doctors assume that she will die hence they allow her to go home. However, she did not die as she lived for twenty-six years with care and support from her family who brought a neeb to hold a ceremony each year to ease her suffering (Fadiman, 2000). As seen above, culture plays a significant role in the story The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. Most of the chapters share various aspects of Hmong history and culture which encompasses birth rituals, language, food, family structure, and clothing. They believe that many diseases have spiritual causes and can be healed through various traditional forms of healing which include rubbing the skin with coins, casting the disease out with an egg, and through the creation of a vacuum through ignition of cotton that has been soaked in alcohol under a small cup. A shaman conducts healing as he can get rid of the evil spirits which are called dabs and also retrieve souls. There are aspects of Hmong culture which include taboos against the medical procedures, their beliefs on the origin of various diseases, power structure within the family as well as the clans conflict with the western medicine culture which leads to the misunderstandings that are seen between the patients and doctors (Fadiman, 2012). Lias tragedy is due to the result of the cultural collision and also highlights the need for the development of cooperation and cultural understanding. Binan Goonj book; Bridging Cultures in Aboriginal health represents the perspectives, and various experiences of Eckermann and others on the research and the numerous government reports on the Aboriginal Affairs as well as the health of the Aboriginal people over the nineteen years of collaboration (Eckermann, Dowd, Chong, Nixon Gray, 2010). The authors elaborate on the historical, cultural, social, economic and political aspects of the Australian people during the colonization period which led to cultural conflict and racism. The authors claim that the Aboriginals health problem lies in the history as the non-Aboriginal British and other western European colonizers disregarded the Aborigine culture regarding healing and medication (Couzos Murray, 2008). The British and the Aboriginal people clashed as each of these two cultures thought that their management of various diseases and issues was the best way (Avrahami, 2011). The article; On the traditional healing practices, states that the historical records show that there are different accounts of individuals distressed by psychological and bodily disorders. These disorders are accompanied by their related healing practices which include spiritual and ceremonies mediated by shamans (Gewehr, Bata, Gomes Tavares, 2017). In earlier days, the healing process was empirical and was based on a mythical organization that may have survived to the more traditional populations of today. The healing practices that have persisted over various generations despite the many advancements in scientific medicine share similar principles. For instance, use of natural raw materials in the production of medicines. However, due to clashes in the cultural practices, most of the traditional ways of healing and medication have been eroded. Despite the cultural clashes of the biomedical and the shamanic practices, there are efforts aimed at incorporating the shamanic healing processes into the western medicine (Sodi Bojuwoye, 2011). Western health care providers are receiving training in the shamanic healing. In various traditional societies, the shamanic knowledge is sacred and should not be used for personal gains. Conclusion Colonization and spread of the western civilization have led to the clashing of the western biomedical and the shamanic practices. Each of the groups believes that their culture is superior and that its healing methods are the right one. These conflicts have resulted in a lot of suffering and even death. The case of Lia is an example of the plight that individuals go through due to the clashes between the Western biomedical approach and the shamanic practices. The Australian Aboriginal health also has various problems due to the clash between the healing cultures of the west and that of the Aboriginal people. From the numerous books and articles discussed above, it is evident that acknowledging the beliefs of other cultures could lead to the improvement of the patient outcomes. There are various examples of successful intercultural programs in which the shamans are encouraged to work alongside the western healthcare professionals. References Avrahami, E. (2011). Introduction: Bridging the Divides. The European Legacy, 16(3), 299-306. Couzos, S., Murray, R. (2008). Aboriginal primary health care: an evidence-based approach. Oxford University Press. Diener, E., Kahneman, D., Helliwell, J. (2010). International differences in well-being. Oxford University Press. Eckermann, A. K., Dowd, T., Chong, E., Nixon, L., Gray, R. (2010). Binan Goonj: bridging cultures in Aboriginal health. Elsevier Australia. Fadiman, A. (2000). The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: Epilepsy and the Hmong. Epilepsy Behavior, 1(1), S3-S8. Fadiman, A. (2012). The spirit catches you and you fall down: A Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures. Macmillan. Gewehr, R. B., Bata, J., Gomes, E., Tavares, R. (2017). On traditional healing practices: subjectivity and objectivation in contemporary therapeutics. Psicologia USP, 28(1), 33-43. Joralemon, D. (2015). Exploring medical anthropology. Routledge. Lock, M., Nguyen, V. K. (2010). An anthropology of biomedicine. John Wiley Sons. Lupton, D. (2012). Medicine as culture: Illness, disease and the body. Sage. Rock, A. J., Krippner, S. (2011). Demystifying shamans and their world: A multidisciplinary study. Andrews UK Limited. Sodi, T., Bojuwoye, O. (2011). Cultural embeddedness of health, illness and healing: Prospects for integrating indigenous and western healing practices. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 21(3), 349-356.

Familiy Changes

Turkeys bid for EU membership

Turkeys bid for EU membership Introduction Turkey’s bid for EU membership has been considered as one of the most controversial and problematic bids that the EU has ever encountered. A lot of research has been done about what the EU thinks about this country’s accession into the union but not much information has been gathered concerning Turkey’s opinion on the same.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Turkey’s bid for EU membership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will be imperative to know what the most influential forces in Turkey think about EU integration so as to determine whether or not the accession process is likely to remain a priority to the Turkish people in the future. In this paper, it will be argued that irrespective of attitudinal factors, there is still support for EU membership amongst the Turks. Purpose of the research/ research questions The purpose of this research is to examine Turkish societ y’s attitude towards the EU. It will be illustrated through the positions taken by key groups in the country (these include the government which consists of opposition and leading parties, business groups, the general public and labour unions). The following research questions will be useful in achieving the purpose of this research: What is the Turkish attitude toward EU membership? What arguments are given in favour of these attitudes and which major threats to the Turkey EU membership have been identified? Is this attitude aligned more towards the international or the internal? How have Turkish people interpreted EU citizen’s attitudes such as President Sarkozy and Chancellor Merkel’s attitude towards their entry? What other prospects for international membership have been considered and do the Turks prefer attachment to the East (Middle East) or Europe? Who influences these opinions amongst the Turkish population? What is the Turkish government’s opinion on EU membership and how influential is this opinion? (the leading party’s opinion i.e. the AKP and the opposition party’s opinion i.e. CHP will be differentiated) What opinion do key business groups hold especially TUSIAD and MUSIAD? What opinion do major labour unions such as DISK, Hak-is and Turk-is hold? Significance of study By assessing Turkish opinion about ascension to the European Union, it will be possible to know how realistic these prospects are. Furthermore, the research will give a glimpse of how integration can take place if Turkey gets admitted into the EU. The findings from this paper will also illustrate how much progress has been achieved and what needs to be achieved in order to meet this goal of entrance into the EU. The findings will have implications for the people of Turkey who will be affected by membership in the Union. It will also inform external stakeholders such as EU citizens, EU leaders as well as alternative international memb ership forums especially in the Middle East. Each group will know whether they are regarded favourably by the Turks and this will determine some of their future social and economic outcomes. Literature review Arikan (111) looks at the other side of the coin i.e. the opinion of the EU concerning Turkey. He explains some of the criticisms that have been expressed by the European Union concerning Turkey. The EU acknowledges that a lot has been achieved in terms of democracy in Turkey but its political climate still falls short of European standards. The country places limits on political associations as illustrated by the Welfare Party’s ban and restrictions of its members’ freedoms to participate in politics for five years. The Turkish government has a tendency to create a centralised political identity rather than a democratised plural state.Advertising Looking for dissertation on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More Several restrictions on NGO activities have been imposed in this country and have therefore illustrated how participatory democracy is yet to be achieved within the state. Constitutional reforms have been implemented quite slowly so this implies that the country is yet to meet those standards (Arikan, 112). Furthermore, the military plays an excessively large role in the Turkish political system and this is unacceptable by European standards. The Turkish political climate has been marked by a series of military interventions in the 60s, 70s and 80s with the army asserting that they are custodians of civil liberties in Turkey. Another major problem cited by the EU against Turkey is their failure to respect human rights. Use of excessive force by security forces is common in the country. Journalists, trade unionists and other groups have been arrested for their opinions concerning key constitutional issues and people have also disappeared from the cou ntry. This has demonstrated that the EU still feels that Turkey does not deserve EU membership. Given such an opinion, it would be crucial to look at the other end of the spectrum and determine whether the same negative opinion is held by Turks. Arat (3) carried out a research concerning liberal democracy in Turkey. He especially focused on the Welfare party or Islamist Refah party and its female membership. He found that this party had a high representation of females who utilised their personal connections to mobilise other women. Through the views of these women, it was possible to see how liberalist political thought can exist in an Islamic secular society. It showed that there will always be tensions between the liberalist school and Islam but the two can still co exist. In order to understand the opinions of the Turks concerning European integration, it is necessary to learn about the political and social dynamics that operate in this nation. However, this book looked that tho se intersections in terms of gender, religion and politics. This report will dwell on the same topics but with a focus on the EU accession. It will attempt to show how opinions on EU ascension intertwine with politics, religious and gender identities amongst the Turkish people.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Turkey’s bid for EU membership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Onar (272) explains the three major political forces that operate within the Turkish political scene and these include: the Kemalists, the liberalists and the Islamists. This analysis looks at a very important background against which one can assess political decisions within this country. The author explains that Islamists believe that Turkey is more ‘Eastern’ than European and that its identity should revolve around the Islamic faith. This group therefore nurses fears about excessive westernisation. The welfare party is known to be the most predominant Islamic party in the country. The second group consists of the liberals. While no single political entity claims to be predominantly liberal, a number of civic groups belong to this category. The latter believe in a laissez faire approach to social-economic discourses in the nation. In other words, they advocate for the freedom of religious practise throughout the country. The third category of political forces consists of Kemalists. This group consists of all those people who believe in the secularisation of Turkey. They assert that anything Islamic is backward. In fact, they have advocated for the removal of religious teachings and dress in any public institutions. They also stress the importance of the state over and above the needs of the individuals. These three groups have been in some sort of triangle; in other words, they are rarely in agreement. Information from this journal article focuses on the political climate without giving too much e mphasis on how the groups affect Turkish opinion on EU accession. This gap will be sealed in the following section of the report. Aybar et.al (329) carried out a research in order to assess Turkish perceptions towards the EU. The study was administered through questionnaires and was more focused on the numbers rather than the reasons behind these sentiments. This report will attempt to fill that gap by explaining the reasons behind Turkish attitudes. Focus in this particular research will not be quantitative as was the case with the Aybar et.al (329) study. A qualitative assessment of the reasons behind these attitudes will be examined in order to offer an in depth understanding of the Turkish people concerning EU application and accession. Findings Turkish attitude toward EU membership Arguments given in favour of these attitudes and major threats identified The overall majority of Turkish people support the country’s entrance into the EU. A research carried out in 2003 by C arkoglu (188) illustrated that about eighty percent of the participants in the research supported EU membership. This was an overwhelming majority and individuals who took part in the study represented the country’s diverse population.Advertising Looking for dissertation on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, recent figures indicate that this support has been dwindling; nonetheless, the majority still support it. In fact, polls show that a thirty percent drop in support of EU membership has been recorded in this country thus showing that there maybe other dynamics at play that may be responsible for this waning support. Westernisation is one of the major arguments in favour of EU membership (Onis, 365). The Turkish elite have often considered westernisation as a major goal from as far back as the Ottoman Empire. This is largely because the term is associated with greater standards of civilization, modernity, greater economic performance and democracy. Consequently, joining the EU would contribute towards achievement of this goal. The political elite therefore think of the EU as a platform for transforming their identity. Supporters of European integration in Turkey also cite economic performance as an important driver in their lives (Onis, 367), (Anderson, 18). Many Turks have b een frustrated by the poor economic conditions in their country and believe that there are better job prospects in other parts of Europe than in their country. This is further rationalised by the existence of millions of Turkish immigrants in some EU member countries like Germany. Records illustrate that about two million Turks live in Germany. Citizens presume that if Turkey was to become part of the EU which allows free movement of people within the Union then they would use their blood ties in those nations to look for better jobs there. However, jobs are not the only economic reason cited by these members. Big business owners believe that EU membership will provide them with a more diverse capital market and this will propel their businesses greatly. Medium sized business owners believe that the EU is the solution to the serious macro economic problems in Turkey. They believe that ascensions will guarantee them low interest rates and greater economic policies for investment. Lar ge business owners also believe that they will benefit from better macro economics in the region because the latter is likely to be much more stable than the conditions in their own country. The Turkish population also believes that EU integration will lead to greater democracy in the country. Some worry about Islamist tendencies and its ability to ruin the AKP. They believe that the European Union will contribute towards greater democracy in the country because their standards are set so high. These sentiments have been expressed by professionals and members of the middle classes (Anderson, 20). A number of political safeguards have also been cited as lucrative reasons for EU membership. Some citizens believe that EU membership will prevent the return of military rule. For the military, the EU will also serve their long term dream of making Turkey westernised. This is something that many citizens aspire to and believe will be the solution to their numerous challenges. Others are hi ghly frustrated by the prevalence of corruption in public institutions and believe that the EU will allow them to solve these problems. The poor administration of public services also causes many Turkish citizens to support EU membership because they believe that these challenges will be addressed thoroughly when in power (Carkoglu, 189) Although certain political entities believe that westernisation is an important goal to be achieved through membership in the EU, others argue that this would threaten their national identity (Kosebalaban, 134). The latter scholar explains that there is a clash between modernist tendencies and traditional forces. These opponents to European integration state that westernisation and modernisation are not necessarily synonymous. In other words, they believe that that thinking was informed by leaders in the Ottomon Empire who thought of the west as the only civilising force. However, these inclinations have changed dramatically and a number of people a re starting to oppose those notions. One such group is the Kemalist establishment. This group has great nationalist tendencies that oppose Western association but still believe in modernisation as a goal to be aspired. These sentiments come from the fact that Islamic cultural forces played an important role in fighting off western forces so they were regarded as an entity to be opposed rather than embraced (Kosebalaban, 143). Waning support of EU membership stems from a series of factors. First of all, Turkey is suffering from accession fatigue. Despite carrying out several economic and social reforms, prospects for Turkey’s integration are still not looking good. This negotiation process has taken far too long and a number of people have grown tired of waiting for EU membership. The other reason is that members of the public have been discouraged by the numbers. Even if Turkey was to meet all the criteria laid out by the EU, the country would still not be guaranteed of membe rship. There are already EU citizens and leaders that oppose Turkey accession into the EU so this is a serious obstacle to their success. The Turks know about this opposition and this has also undermined their support for integration. Whether this attitude is aligned more towards the international or the internal This attitude is still more international than national. Many Turks have been frustrated by the myriad of challenges in their own country and are looking for alternatives solutions. Nationalist sentiments are growing but there is an indication that these sentiments can coexist with international standards especially those of the EU. A number of objections have been raised concerning the dangers of these policies but the positive results from economic, civic and social reforms have illustrated that an international orientation would serve the country well. National interests have been debated on especially concerning the talk of an identity issue in Turkey. Citizens believe that national interests should be protected even as they aspire to achieve international goals and requirements. How Turkish people interpreted EU citizen’s attitudes such as President Sarkozy and Chancellor Merkel’s attitude towards their entry The EU debate concerning Turkey’s prospects for accession normally centred around two elements and these include the civil environment and the cultural environment. Some entities believe that Turkey should not be allowed into the European Union because of its predominantly Islamic heritage. They affirm that it is at odds with the EU culture. Two crucial people advocating for rejection of Turkey’s bid were President Nicholas Sarkozy of France and Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany. What was even worse was that people in France seemed to demonstrate intolerance against Muslim immigrants as France’s capital was characterised by a series of protests. Eventually, this created a hard line stance on the part of t he French President who together with the Chancellor of Germany out rightly rejected Turkish membership into the EU. These moves minimised the desire to gain EU membership in Turkey. Even the AKP was at odds with these sentiments because they knew that their prospects for EU membership would be undermined by these powerful EU member states. Support for EU membership is still higher than opposition to EU membership but these numbers reduced after the French stance on EU and Turkey. The French parliament had accused Turkey of failing to deal with the question of missing Armenians in their country and they had even criminalised this issue. Eventually, that decision led to immense opposition of the French in Turkey and even a boycott of their products. The tensions increased anti EU sentiments in Turkey (Onar, 284). Other people who heard about Turkey’s cultural misalignment with the EU have interpreted this in the reverse. Some traditionalists affirm that European integration fo r Turkey will threaten their cultural identity. A study carried out by Aybar et.al (330) found that fifty eight percent of the percent felt that Turkish culture would either be eroded or dominated by western cultures from the EU region if Turkey entered the EU. The President of France at that time Jacques Chirac argued that Turkey was not culturally similar to other members of the EU. Consequently, it can be said that the people of Turkey were affected negatively by these assertions made by EU leaders. Other prospects for international membership that have been considered and whether the Turks prefer attachment to the East (Middle East) or Europe (Meral, 60) explains that Turkey can sometimes be seen as a mediator in Middle Eastern foreign relations. In other words, this country thinks of itself as a go-between in Israeli and Palestinian conflicts. Also, the US has often perceived it as a stabilising force in the EU. However, the people of Turkey are well aware of the fact that th ey require support from western nations. If they get too involved in the Middle Eastern region then chances are that they will isolate themselves from the rest of the world. If the EU accession issue stalls and eventually fails then chances are that Turkeys will consider forging relationships with Russia. In fact, indications already illustrate those prospects especially because of the immense number of visits that Russia has had in turkey. Trade between the two countries has increased dramatically and it is likely that this relationship may grow even more if Turkey’s accession bid flops. Turkey has had certain ties with unconventional Muslim nations such as Syria, Sudan and Iran. Continued trade ties with Iran have undermined western and US backed sanctions imposed against it. This has severely affected the relationship between Turkey and the US. On the other hand, Turkey’s association with most Middle Eastern countries is founded on the belief that the rise would boo st their economic prospects. Furthermore, Turkey wanted to establish itself as a mediator between the troubled Middle Eastern nation and the west. Sometimes, this mediating role has compromised relations between the latter country and the west. It is likely that if the EU process fails then Turkey will continue to work with its Middle Eastern counterparts. Nonetheless, this will be done cautiously so that the country does not isolate crucial western allies in the process. All in all, one can assert that Turkey’s attitude towards the Middle East is a mixed one. The country has started turning to the Middle East especially going by its continued support for Iran and controversial group Hamas. Turkey is starting to look as if it has embraced a dark side. The EU would lose a very important country in the continent if it blocks Turkey’s membership into the EU because Turkey is moving towards immensely controversial foreign policy (Meral, 59). Entities that influence these o pinions amongst the Turkish population Carkoglu (184) carried a research to assess Turkish support towards EU membership. It was found that party inclinations were an important influential force in determining one’s position. If one belonged to a political party that supported European integration then EU support was greater. Political forces are therefore an important influence in determining support for EU integration. Religion also played an important role; if a certain citizen believed in extreme sentiments then chances are that the person would not support European integration. This means that Islam was an important shaper of the opinions that most people held. Age is yet another important factor in determining how people decide to vote. Older citizens were in greater support of EU membership than young ones. It was found that this group has a pro-European mentality that may have been created by the social forces in their lives. This is something that younger people may not have been exposed to. Information sources (or the lack of them) also considerably influence EU support. The issue of nationalism has not just been advocated by Kemalists who believe in the strength of the nation state; it has also been a pressing issue for the government through the leading party. In 2005 it was found that the government had passed certain sections of the constitution which punished people for their antinationalist sentiments; this was called the famous 301 code. The EU felt that the 301 contravened human rights and freedoms and other democratic principles. However, the government affirmed that it passed this law because it wanted to preserve national identity. This was illustrative of the fact that nationalist sentiments sometimes placed the government in a tricky spot because it wants to meet EU obligations but must also avoid stirring nationalist uproars. In this regard, one can assert that nationalists play a role in shaping attitudes towards the EU as seen through their opposition of certain EU policies (Onar, 284). Certain populations are simply not well informed about the EU process and its importance. Furthermore, the political elite have access and ability to control information flow so they can manipulate information in order to cause it to fall in their favour. However, most of the decisions made are independent. In other words, the Turkish people’s support for EU membership arose out of economic reasons. Most would disregard their political and religious affiliations in support of accession because of economic conditions. Turkish government’s opinion on EU membership and how influential this opinion is (The leading party’s opinion i.e. the AKP and the opposition party’s opinion i.e. CHP need to be differentiated) The AKP thinks of European Integration as an important part of their political agenda. They believe that if Turkey was to become a member state of the EU then the hegemonic problem existent in the party would be immediately addressed. This positive attitude has been expressed by a series of changes initiated by the AKP in response to EU directives. First, the party has reduced the military role in the National Security Council. The EU had stated that there was too much use of force by security forces. Consequently, AKP decided to close the State Security Courts. The party also abolished the death penalty and released Kurdish parliamentarians who had been jailed. All these changes illustrated that the AKP is committed towards the goal of European integration and perceives it as an important solution to the problems in the country in general (Anderson, 22). However because AKP is still a political entity, it has been forced to dance to the tune of its electorate in certain circumstances. For example, when Turkey was struggling with the issue of allowance of the veil in public spaces, AKP took up a stance which may not have been supported by their EU but also one that cou ld not be condemned. In this controversy, a university student had to discontinue her education because of the veil ban. The courts ruled against her thus implying that the courts were endorsing secularisation of Turkey. This sparked a lot of uproar among Islamists who affirmed that Turkey was loosing its cultural identity to European universal values (Onar, 279). The AKP through the Prime Minster asserted that this court decision was ill informed and that religious considerations had not been made. In this regard, AKP was showing that although it supports the EU, it still holds certain reservations stemming from the tensions that exist in the country. Another illustration of these tensions was seen when the AKP allowed the 301 code to pass. This was clearly a piece of legislation that undermined human rights as stipulated by EU and other international standards. The party therefore showed that given excessive pressure from nationalists, the party can contravene EU regulations in or der to preserve this. The party predominantly supports EU membership but may sometimes alter this inclination when strong opposition emanates from opposing groups. There is a complex interplay of factors surrounding AKP’s position. The leading opposition party called the republican People’s Party or CHP has also affected the EU-Turkey position taken by members of this country. The Party endorses EU membership albeit with preconditions. It believes that EU integration would be good for the country only if this does not compromise national interests. It has criticised the manner in which the EU has negotiated with Turkey concerning possible membership. It believes there is an uneven playing field that will cost the country. It also voices complaints against the AKP. It believes that the AKP has openly adopted EU recommendations without safeguarding national interests. It also affirms that there may be some kind of Islamisation agenda that the leading party is advocating for so this is a complicated issue for people concerned (Gulemz 423). In order to really understand CHP’s position on EU membership, one must know the difference between the different kinds of Euro-scepticism that exist in Turkey. Euro sceptics are people who oppose EU integration. However, these groups may either be soft or hard sceptics. Hard sceptics believe that the economic and political integration of Turkey into the EU will bring more harm than good so they reject it entirely. On the other hand, soft Euro sceptics believe that EU integration would be good for Turkey but they oppose a certain component of the integration process such as a policy requirement of the integration process. Soft Euro sceptics believe that national interests should be put before anything else although they still endorse European integration. Throughout the European Union, Euro-sceptics have often emanated from the opposition. They usually do this in order to have leverage over the prevailing g overnment. It can be said that the CHP have adopted a soft Euro-sceptic stance on the EU. As stated earlier, the CHP has objections against the Islamic agenda pursued by the AKP. It accused the AKP of using EU integration as a cover up to introduce new policies which are not even related to the EU agenda. For example, the AKP asserted that they would lift a headscarf ban from universities if the EU favoured it. The CHP was very critical of these sentiments. It also criticised the addition of new mosques in rental buildings by claiming that the leading party was using integration as a cover for their personal agenda (Gulmez, 427). The CHP has also criticised some of the documents that have been dispensed by the EU. For instance the EU progress report contained certain aspects that had never been brought up before. For instance, the report stated that negotiations concerning Turkey’s bid could be suspended if a majority vote supported it. Also, the negotiations on the same woul d only start if a unanimous vote existed. Consequently, the CHP is stating that Turkey’s prospects for accession have been minimised because of these assertions. The report has also talked about limiting labour movement for Turkish citizens. The CHP believes that this would be tantamount to less-than full membership. This party believes that AKP are too eager to become members of the EU, that they are willing to do anything in order to gain membership. Opposition believes that the government has not paid special attention to certain components of the EU policy. This is detrimental to Turkey’s bid for accession and is also harmful to national interests. For instance when the EU described the kind of people who would be recognised as minorities if Turkey joined the Union, the CHP claimed that such a requirement would place almost all people in the country under the minority umbrella and this contravened Turkey’s Lausanne treaty agreements. The CHP has also spoken against the possibility of losing EU membership even after meeting the Copenhagen criteria since provisions have been given for rejection of Turkey. The party affirms that this contravenes the union’s own principles. One can therefore say that the CHP party is exploiting the leading party in order to gain political mileage. The opposition claims that all these issues have not been addressed by the leading party AKP and this puts Turkey at jeopardy. On the other hand, it can also be said that the CHP considers accession as the end goal but it is sceptical about many elements of EU policy (Gulmez, 429). Opinions that key business groups hold especially TUSIAD and MUSAID As one of the leading business entities in Turkey, TUSIAD firmly endorses EU citizenship. This can be seen by the number of documents released in order to achieve these objectives. TUSIAD has many press releases in the public domain that talk about its support for the EU. It argues that membership in the EU will ensure that the economic and political arena are conducive for business. This is the reason why it has cooperated with other European business entities such as the Union of Industrial and Employer’s Confederation of Europe. It did this in order to improve relations between the EU and Turkey. Most support for EU membership revolves around the economic realm. TUSIAD believes that the EU will provide a better platform for Trade by Turkey and since it represents the private sector then it is imperative that it supports an initiative that will contribute towards a stronger economic climate. The organisation has frequently taken on a proactive stance to Turkey-EU relations. It has stated its opinions against political occurrences that appear to undermine EU accession issues. In this regard, TUSIAD has warned against statements made by Turkish political leaders concerning a very controversial issue which was Cyprus. Nonetheless, this organisation has not blindly advocated for EU fr iendly policies as it often voices complaints against these policies as well. For instance, it criticised the EU stance on Cyprus claiming that the EU had ignored many historical factors which resulted in an unbalanced and ambiguous situation in that Island. Consequently, one can say that TUSIAD is at the forefront of political reform and support of EU integration but has also given constructive criticism of this Union when it has overstepped its boundaries (TUSIAD, 2). MUSIAD on the other hand focuses on small business owners. It has not been as proactive as its counterpart TUSIAD has been in the political landscape. It has not given express statements about its attitude towards EU membership however one can deduce its stance by some of its leaders’ assertions. For example when the coordinator of the sector council was asked about his opinion on concentration of MUSIAD’s efforts on Muslim nations, it asserted that Muslim nations have greater export promise and potenti al than western nations. This inclination towards Muslim nations illustrates that the organisation is more interested in an Eastern orientation rather than a western one. Therefore, EU integration is not a very important part of its agenda (Business news Europe, 6). Opinions that major labour unions such as DISK, Hak-is and Turk-is hold Trade Unions that have taken a political stance concerning the EU matter include Turk-Is which stands for the confederation of Turkish Trade unions, DISK which stands for the confederation of revolutionary trade unions and Hak-is which stands for confederation of Turkish real trade unions. Aksin and Uzgoren (7) explain that there is an inflation of trade unions in Turkey. In this regard, one sector can have numerous trade unions with diverse interests. This implies that since the trade unions cannot speak with one voice then their influence is tremendously weakened. Turk-Is is by far the most influential trade union. It has established a reputation o f a supra party affiliation although it has been accused of befriending the US and betraying the common interests of the masses. It has been perceived as very close to the state. The other union is DISK which has a socialist agenda. It has also been aggressive in terms of military and power politics hence the reason why it was banned for eight years. Hak-Is was established at roughly the same time that DISK was established but this one was perceived as being more oriented towards religious tradition. It is difficult to classify Turk–Is’ stance on the EU because it has been rather mixed. First, Turk-Is believes that Turkey would greatly benefit from the new conditions that will emanate from membership. However, the union has also stated that it has its doubts about Turkey’s prospects for membership. It has raised a lot of concerns about EU policy on Turkey’s negotiation process and believes that the process is unfair. The EU has placed too many obstacles f or Turkey and this may greatly undermine their ability to reach those levels that they desire. Turk-Is believes that Turkey has been held at ransom by EU regulations on labour even though the country is not certain about membership. For example, the Customs Union was a requirement imposed by the EU before Turkey could consider joining it. Turk-Is criticised the implementation of this policy by affirming that Turkey had exposed itself to decreased unionisation rates, fewer availability of jobs, a worse economy and greater social risks. The Union therefore felt that Turkey had been short changed and had compromised some of its national interests. Turk-Is has also disagreed with the EU concerning a number of sensitive issues that the EU decided on. One such problem was the concept of Cyprus. Turk-is believed that the EU was wrong about its decision about the Island. It also opposed the EU’s decision on minority rights and the Armenian question (Aksin and Uzgoren, 8). This trade union has issues against the adoption of foreign policies that compromise national interests in order to meet EU’s stringent requirement. The trade union believes that the greatest concerns should be given to the country’s internal problems rather than other external matters. Hak-Is on the other hand is religiously oriented and has been advocating for the well being and safety of Muslim employers and the need to instate certain components of mutual justice borrowed from Islamic principles. This union strongly believed that Turkey should take on a more Eastern than Western orientation. Surprisingly, though, this trade union believes that EU membership would be good for Turkey because it would facilitate the growth of democracy and civil rights within the nation. It has even indicated its support through certain projects that work towards EU suggested reforms. Nonetheless, the Union’s leader has been quick to point out that Turkey should not accept all proposed ch anges at any cost because this would be detrimental to its prospects in the future. DISK also supports EU membership. Its leaders have affirmed that Turkey needs to have an international orientation if it intends on competing in the global platform and one way of doing that is joining the EU. The trade union asserts that the EU would create a greater democracy in Turkey and hence pave the way for better economic prosperity so it is definitely in support of membership (Aksin and Uzgoren, 8). Conclusion From a thorough analysis of EU membership issues in Turkey, it has been found that the Turkish public still supports EU accession even though the numbers have drastically reduced in the past one decade. Reasons identified for support include greater democratic space and less military involvement in politics, greater civil rights, better economic prospects and heightened modernisation. However, a reasonable proportion of the Turkish population object to EU membership citing internal obj ection to Turkish membership by prominent members such as France and Germany. Others are fatigued by excessive waiting, other believe that the EU has exerted double standards upon this Turkish nations. Certain groups cite cultural and national sentiments as reasons why Turkey should not join the EU. Therefore, the general public has mixed feelings about EU integration. Other stakeholders also hold varied opinions about EU integration. The leading party AKP supports EU membership and has initiated several reforms in order to meet this goal. However, the AKP has acted controversially in some respects concerning certain issues that the EU advised them against. The opposition party CHP has also endorsed membership albeit with some scepticism. They believe that national interests should not be compromised in order to meet this EU objective. Similarly, major trade unions like Turk –Is and business entities such as TUSAID have also expressed similar sentiments claiming that Turkey s hould not lose its identity in order to appease the EU. Generally, these stakeholders still support EU membership but are cautious about certain components of EU’s approach. Aksin, Deniz Uzgoen, Elif. Turkish development strategy and the European Union: Discourses and strategies of the Trade Unions in turkey on Development. May 2007. Web. Anderson, Perry. â€Å"After Kemal.† London Review of Books 30.18 (2008): 13-22 Arat, Yesim.Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy: Islamist Women in Turkish Politics. Albany: State University of New York, 2005. Arikan, Harun.Turkey and the EU: an Awkward Candidate for EU Membership?Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. Aybar, C. Bà ¼lent, et al. â€Å"Analysis of Attitudes of Turkish Citizens towards the Effects of EU Membership.† Turkish Studies 8.3 (2007): 329-48. Business News Europe. The Sun Rises on Turkey’s Mittlestand. Business News Europe, 9 Mar. 2011. Web. Carkoglu, Ali. â€Å"Who Wants Full Membership? Characteristics of Turkish Public Support for EU Membership.†Turkish Studies 4.1 (2003): 171-94. Gulmez, Seck. â€Å"The EU policy of the Republican People’s Party: An Inquiry on the opposition party and euro-skepticism in Turkey.† Turkish Studies 9.3(2008): 423-436 Kà ¶sebalaban, Hasan. â€Å"Turkey’s EU Membership: A Clash of Security Cultures.†Middle East Policy9.2 (2002): 130-46. Meral. Ziya. Prospects for Turkey. Legatum Institute, 2 Sept., 2010. Web. Onar, Nora. â€Å"Kemalists, Islamists and Liberals: Shifting Patterns of Confrontation and Consensus.† Turkish Studies 8.2 (2007) Ãâ€"niÅŸ, Ziya.â€Å"Contesting for Turkey’s Political Centre: Domestic Politics, Identity Conflicts and the Controversy over EU Membership.† Journal of Contemporary European Studies 18 (2010): 361-76. TUSIAD. Cyprus Issue should not harm Turkey’s membership process. Euractiv 21 Nov. 2011. Web.

The use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) in strengthening beams in Literature review

The use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) in strengthening beams in the u.k - Literature review Example The fibres are usually glass, carbon or Aramid. Fibre reinforcement enhances strength and stiffness. FRP can be categorized in a class of materials known as composite materials, which are made up of two or more materials. When these materials are put together, they retain both their chemical and physical characteristics. FRP differ from other construction materials such as steel or aluminum that are viewed as traditional construction materials (ACI 440.2R-08, 2008). FRP contains properties that are apparent in the direction of applied load while steel or aluminum has uniform properties in all directions. The text will look at FRP and its role in strengthening structures as compared to other construction materials. ... The composite is named after the reinforcing fibre. For instance a composite that is reinforced by carbon, will be referred to as Carbon Fibre Reinforced polymer (CFPR). The three fibres have different properties and carbon is viewed as the most suitable for strengthening. All the three fibres are said to contain a higher stress capacity than ordinary steel. They are also linear elastic. Stiffness and tensile strain are the properties that differ between the fibre types. The three fibres are presented in figure 1. They are compared with an ordinary steel bar and a steel tendon Fig. 1 Properties of different fibres and typical reinforcing steel (ACI Committee 440 (1996) and Dejke (2001). The fibers used in FRP composite material have unique characteristics that make them desirable for strengthening purposes. Some of the characteristics include high levels of elasticity for application in reinforcement, high eventual strength and low disparity of strength among fibers. Other significan t characteristics are enhanced stability to endure manipulation techniques and consistency in diameters and surface dimension in the fibers. Some of the fibers used in FRP composites include glass fibers, carbon fibers and Aramid fibers. Glass fibers These types of fibers find application mainly in the naval and industrial areas to manufacture composites of relatively high performance. They are beneficial due to their high strength. The glass fibers are composed of silicon (SiO2) having a tetrahedral structure (SiO4). The material is further strengthened with aluminum oxides and additional metallic ions. Between the two types of glass fibers, the S-glass fibers normally have an enhanced tensile strength compared to the E-glass. Fiberglass is manufactured through the